Miami Copper Company, Globe, Arizona, 1909 by the West Coast Art Company, 1909.
By James Harvey McClintock, 1916
It is a curious and little-appreciated fact that the miner is the scout of civilization. He braves the savage, the desert’s heat, the Arctic’s cold. Alone, he fearlessly penetrates regions wherein his foot is the first to tread. Pursuing golden dreams sustained the weary marches of the Spanish explorers of America. Thus, it was with Arizona. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado’s quest, 400 years ago, was to find the gold of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Though the Spaniards found no gold, they found it elsewhere, and for centuries, the greatest revenues of the Spanish Crown were from mines now included in Southern Arizona. The Spaniard mainly confined his operations to the valleys of Pimería Alta among peaceable Indian tribes.
The Anglo-Saxons went even further when they came into possession of the land. No valley in Northern or Eastern Arizona has not its tale of prospectors ambushed by the Apache. Yet, step by step, the Apache were driven back. Following the prospector and the miner came the trader, the cattle rancher, the farmer, and the home seeker until Arizona’s civilization, based upon the mine, is as sound and as modern as is that of much older commonwealths. No longer is mining the only industry, but it is still the chief. It is well that it is so, for the dollar from under the ground is a new dollar and a whole dollar. The bright golden bar from the assayer’s den in the stamp mill means so many more actual dollars added to the money in circulation; every drop of the fiery stream from the converter’s lip means just so much more permanent wealth brought into being for the good and use of mankind. And mining has passed the experimental stage. “Luck” counts for little in the business. Nearly every great fortune of the West has been made in mining, and nearly every fortune has been made by men of good, hard horse sense, who went in on their judgment and not on their hopes and enthusiasm.
Though many of the people of Arizona clung in affection to the 16-to-1 theory for years, it was a fact that the demonetization of silver had little effect on Arizona. Broadly stated, almost every silver mine within the territory had closed before silver had sunk below a dollar an ounce. The famous mines at McCracken, Tombstone, Silver King, Richmond Basin, Mack Morris, and the Bradshaw Mountains had all been closed down. There remained very little exploration for silver outside of Mohave County.
Optimists Of The Hills
Gold panning by Russell Lee, 1940.
The professional prospector of the Southwest is practically of the past. As a rule, he lived on a “grubstake” furnished by some gamblesome group in the town where the prospector made his headquarters. The law of such co-partnerships was recognized. As a rule, there was no very close agreement made between the parties; rarely was any contract put down in writing, but the unwritten law of the land was that the man who furnished the “grubstake” got a half interest in any location the prospector made when he fed upon “grub” furnished by his urban partner. It was rare indeed that such agreements were violated. The prospector nearly always kept the faith. The system came into Arizona from Nevada and California, where many of the fortunes realized by country storekeepers, saloonkeepers, and gamblers came through modest “grubstakes” furnished by some old prospector.
The prospector’s outfit was simplest, in keeping with his life and taste. There was always a burro, usually one with years of experience in the prospecting game and never strayed far from the camp, however transient it might be. Fantastic tales are told of these prospecting burros of old; they were fond of bacon rinds and would always leave the sagebrush and catclaw, upon which they were supposed to thrive, to join the prospector in consuming the last of the baking powder biscuits.
The prospector of old was a man sustained by boundless faith and never-quenched hope. In reality, he was a gambler of the most pronounced type; every hill held the chance of a bonanza for him, and no rocky point was passed without an investigating tap from his hammer; every iron-stained dike had to be sampled in his gold pan.
Prospector with burros, Detroit Photographic, turn of the 20th century.
Most of the prospectors were overly sanguine; they fairly loaded themselves and their principals down with prospects, on which the annual assessment work would have cost far more than the value of the ground. Many a prospector boasted that he held some 100 claims. To have fulfilled the letter of the mining law, several such claims would have necessitated the expenditure of $10,000 in annual assessment work. Yet, the speaking individual might have assets not worth even $10.
All through the hills of Arizona are to be found the monuments left by these prospectors, where they first located and then tested worthless claims in nearly every instance. They were looking for sudden riches and failed to understand the philosophy of the latter-day miner, worked out by hard experience, that mining, after all, is a manufacturing industry and that the greatest profits are not found in rich pockets of silver and gold, but in the percentage of income over expense that can be gained by the working of large quantities of ore of relatively uniform grade, handled almost mechanically and under the most economical conditions.
The prospector’s life was rough yet not particularly laborious; he drifted through the hills on trips limited only by the quantity of grub he carried or could command. As a rule, he slept out in the open, whatever the weather was, and his diet was based unendingly on bacon and black coffee, with sourdough or baking powder bread on the side. Tobacco, of course, was an essential feature of his ration. When the trip was up, and his locations had been recorded, the professional prospector rarely worked upon the mines he had found. If the find proved good, he sold out for some modest sum, which he often spent quickly. Then, it was back again to the hills with the same old burro, living a life he would not have exchanged for any other.
A very different type was the miner who did occasional prospecting, usually when he was out of work or tired of the darkness underground and wanted a trip into the hills in communion with the face of Nature instead of her heart. A man of this sort usually paid his way and held fast to anything good that he found. Not necessarily of a higher type than the professional hunter of mines, he was more substantial and, in hundreds of instances, graduated into the class of mine-owning capitalists and became one of the leading citizens of his locality.
A Blind Miner And His Work in Mohave County
Gold Prospector.
Mohave County has given the world many instances of rare courage in its pioneer days, but nothing finer than the tale of how a blind miner named Henry Ewing, unaided, sunk a shaft on his Nixie Mine near Vivian, not far from the present camp of Oatman.
It was in 1904 after Ewing, a gentleman of culture, had lost his eyesight. Despite the warning of friends, he returned to his mine, where he rigged up leading wires to assure him of safety and set up a windlass over his 20-foot hole.
He blasted, dug, hauled the ore buckets to the surface, and cared for himself in camp. His worst adventure was encountering a rattlesnake and a narrow escape from death on the trail. Another experience was falling from a ladder 30 feet, receiving serious injuries, yet managing to climb out and seek assistance at a nearby mining camp.
Several miners who have developed their claims alone have shown almost as much pluck. In the Hualpai Mountains, Frank Hamilton started upon such a work in 1874 and alone sunk two shafts, 100 and 50 feet deep. In the same district, a memorandum has been found of J.L. Doyle, who alone sunk two 65-foot shafts and connected them with a drift. Enoch Kile, a Yavapai County miner, single-handedly sunk a 75-foot shaft; doubtless, many other such instances could be found.
Written by James Harvey McClintock in 1916, compiled and edited by Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated March 2025. Notes and Author: This article is primarily a tale by James Harvey McClintock, who wrote his three-volume history of Arizona called Arizona: The Youngest State, published in 1916. However, the article that appears here is far from verbatim, as it has been edited for spelling and grammar corrections, revisions for the modern reader, and updates to this historical tale. McClintock began his career working at the Salt River Herald (later known as the Arizona Republic). He later earned a teaching certificate, served as Theodore Roosevelt’s right-hand man in the Rough Riders, and became an Arizona State Representative. He died in California on May 10, 1934, at 70.
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